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Vitalik publishes GKR tutorial article: The “Batch × Layer” protocol that supports ultra-fast ZK proofs - CoinFeed
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Vitalik publishes GKR tutorial article: The “Batch × Layer” protocol that supports ultra-fast ZK proofs

October 20, 2025
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This article uses Poseidon2 hashing as an example to explain in detail the recursive proof process centered on sumcheck, and provides optimizations (Gruen's trick, linear batching, and only cubing the first element in some rounds). This can be combined with BaseFold or FRI in polynomial commitment scenarios.

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